PESTE DES PETITS RUMINANTS (PPR)

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Causative Agent(s)

Small ruminant morbillivirus (SRMV), a member of the genus Morbillivirus, in the family Paramyxoviridae.

Clinical Presentation and Epidemiology

The disease is characterized by high fever (pyrexia), oculo-nasal discharges, necrotizing and erosive stomatitis, gastro enteritis, diarrhoea, and bronchopneumonia, followed by either death of the animal or recovery from the disease.

PPR is an acute, highly contagious, and transboundary viral disease of sheep and goats and causing high morbidity and mortality with major constraints in the productivity of small ruminants in Nigeria and other African countries.

Diagnostic Consideration

Nasal, ocular, saliva swabs and faecal samples are ideal for laboratory investigation.

diagnosis could be done using any of the following methods; agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID), counter-immunoelectrophoresis (CIE), enzyme linked-immunosorbent assay (ELISA),reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) either gel-based or real time, or reverse transcription loop mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP), reverse transcription

 

recombinase polymerase amplification assays (RT-PRA), immunochromatographic lateral flow devices (IC-LFDs), luciferase immunoprecipitation system (LIPS), pseudotype-based assays and Viral isolation

Management and Treatment
  • Vaccination with a live-attenuated vaccine based on a lineage 2 virus isolate (Nigeria 75/1) is now most used. Also, strict biosecurity measures are the best preventive
  • Treatment with PPR specific hyperimmune serum @ 4-5ml/goat slow IV for once has shown to be beneficial
  • Use of antibiotics to control secondary bacterial infection in case of viral infection/disease should be done after culture and sensitivity tests have been

One or combination of the below listed antibiotics can be used

  • Amoxicillin 4-7 mg/kg, IM, q12-24h for cattle and 7mg/kg, SC, q24h for sheep and goat
  • Amoxicillin + Clavulanic Acid 7 mg/kg SC or IM daily for adult cattle and 5-10 mg/kg, PO, for Calves q12h.
  • Streptomycin 10 mg/kg IM, q12h + penicillin G procaine 17,000-25,000 IU (10-15mg)/kg IM or SC, q12-24h.
  • Oxytetracycline 5-10 mg/kg IM, q24h; 20 mg/kg IM; repeat after 2-4 days if depot form long acting (LA) is Calf, 10-20 mg/kg PO, q12h. Sheep, goat: 6-11 mg/kg IM or IV, daily 20 mg/kg PO, q6h.
  • Flumequine 12-15 mg/kg PO, q12
  • Danofloxacin 6 mg/kg SC or Repeat after 48 hours if signs persist.
  • Ciprofloxacin 16-20 mg/kg PO, IM, IV q12h
  • Enrofloxacin 5-5 mg/kg IM, daily for 3-5 days for calves. Adult cattle: 2.5-5 mg/kg SC once daily for 3-5 days or 7.5-12.5 mg/kg once for adult cattle.
  • Cefalexin
  • Ceftriaxone

Cephalosporins, are off label drugs, therefore, they should not be used for prevention, rather they are third line treatment option after first line and second line drugs have proofed ineffective. They should be used strictly after culture and sensitivity tests have been conducted.

 

Other supportive therapy includes:

  • Intravenous fluid therapy
  • Dexamethasone acetate 1 ml/10 kg IM, SID 3/7
  • Metronidazole 500 mg/35 kg PO, TID, 3/7