UROLITHIASIS

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Causative Agent(s)

This refers to uroliths located anywhere within the urinary tract

Uroliths are crystals formed from precipitation of mineral solutes in the urine. Uroliths are composed of different minerals and more than one crystal type can be present within a single uroliths.

Clinical Presentation and Epidemiology

Dysuria, haematuria, and stranguria.   

Other signs associated with ureteral obstruction may include lethargy, renal pain, vomiting and anorexia

Common among male animals than females. Urolithiasis is not contagious.

Diagnostic Considerations

Abdominal imaging, radiography, ultrasonography, urinalysis and sedimentation, complete blood profile, cystoscopy, surgery, MCS

Samples to be taken:

Urine for sedimentation and MCS. Blood sample for haematology and chemistry.

Management and Treatment

Antimicrobial recommendation (Pending microbiology culture and sensitivity result) First line Antibiotics:

Amoxicillin-clavulanate (10-30mg/kg PO, IM, IV q12hr) Second line of Antibiotics:

Ciprofloxacin (5-15mg/kg PO, IV q12h) Levofloxacin (20mg/kg PO, IV q24hr)

Cefovecin (8mg single SC repeated once after 7-14days.) Ceftiofur (2mg/kg q 12-24 SC)

Duration of use: 2 weeks to 4 weeks

Adjunct/Supportive therapy: Surgery, Urine Acidifiers, Nutritional modification.