CYSTITIS

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Causative Agents(s)

It is a general description for any disease that causes inflammation of the bladder wall. Cystitis is mostly caused by bacteria while some risk factors include urolithes, (bladder stones), tumors or polyps.

Clinical Presentation and Epidemiology

Key observations in cystitis is the presence of haematuria, discomfort and dysuria.

Prevalent amongst male animals. Public health importance is related to antimicrobial resistance. Poor usage of antimicrobial agents is very common in the treatment of UTIs, and this favors the development of resistant strains of pathogenic bacteria.

Diagnostic Considerations

History, urinalysis and sedimentation, urine culture and sensitivity, ultrasonography, radiography, complete blood profile

Samples to be taken

Urine and blood samples

Antimicrobial recommendation (Pending microbiology culture and sensitivity result) First line Antibiotics:

Amoxicillin clavulanate (10-30mg/kg PO, IV q12hr) Metrodanizole: (10-44mg/kg PO q12h)

Second line of Antibiotics:

Ceftriaxone (15-50mg/kg IM, IV q12hr)

Ciprofloxacin (20-50mg/kg PO, IV q12hr in dogs, 10-20mg/kg IV q12hr in cats) Levofloxacin (20mg/kg PO, IV q24hr)

Duration of use: 2weeks or more weeks depending on the severity of the condition

Adjunct/ supportive therapy: Urine acidifiers, Dietary change and ozone therapy.

Dermatitis:

Causative agent (s): Bacteria: Staphylococcus spp

Fungi: Fungus malassezia, parasites: Demodex spp., flea allergy dermatitis. Other causes: Contact dermatitis, atopic dermatitis

Clinical Presentation and Epidemiology:

Erythema, ulcerations, swelling, itching, licking, haemorrhagic crusts, hair loss, purulent exudate, rubbing against the wall, flaky, scaly, scabby, or greasy skin are common signs seen in Dermatitis.

Most of the above listed skin conditions are more prevalent in dogs than in cats. Dermatitis is common in puppies than adult. It can affect any part of the body. In contact dermatitis for example affect less hairy areas like abdomen, paws, and nose are affected, while in Atopic dermatitis, the ears, nasal planum, eyes, groin, ankles are more favoured.

Diagnostic Considerations

Adequate history taking, physical examination, impression cytology of the skin lesion, haematology and biochemistry blood profile, Microbial culture, and sensitivity test (MCS). Identification of specific causative agent is very important.

Samples to be taken include purulent exudate on the skin for MCS, skin scrapings for cytological examination and blood sample for haematology and chemistry while urine sample for urinalysis.

Management and Treatment

Treatment options should depend on the cause of each type of Dermatitis. Therefore, it is very important to obtain confirmatory diagnosis before determining the best management protocol. It could range from antibiotics, anti-allergy, anti-fungal and anti-flea medications

 

First Line Antibiotics: (Pending MCS result) Amoxicillin (20-30mg/kg PO, IM, IV q12hr) Amoxicillin-clavulanate (10-30mg/kg PO, IV q12hr) Second Line Antibiotics:

Ciprofloxacin (20-50mg/kg PO, IV q12hr in dogs10-20mg/kg IV q12hr in cats) Ofloxacin (5-20mg/kg PO q12h)

Levofloxacin (20mg/kg PO, IV q24hr)

Azithromycin (5-10mg/kg PO q12hr in dogs; 5mg/kg PO q24hr in cats). Cephalexin (22mg/kg in dogs)

Duration of antibiotic usage depends on the specific medication. Adjunct/Supportive Therapy:

Topical antibiotics agents

Anti-flea/tick and anti-allergy medications, Anti-fungal sprays, shampoos, creams etc.